MACOS 課程方案發展始末及其歷史意義   全文下載 更多文章

The Development of MACOS Curriculum Project and Its Historical Significance

1957年蘇聯發射首顆人造衛星，促使美國聯邦政府推動課程改革。1959年的伍茲霍爾會議，是凝聚此波課程改革共識的重要會議。起初，改革聚焦科學領域，其後社會科亦被納入改革範圍。社會科改革的倡議者，將此次課程改革稱之為新社會科運動。主波課程改革的領導人物Bruner，亦曾實際參與課程改革方案，此即「人的研究」課程方案。此一方案跳脫傳統課程著重知識的傳遞，轉而強調培育學生的思維能力。其次，Bruner將其教育理念體現於MACOS之中。但課程發展實務經驗，亦促成Bruner學術重心的轉移。也就是從重視兒童內在的認知發展，轉而重視經驗與意義的獲得過程。

The launch of the Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957, prompted the federal government to push for curriculum reform. The Woods Hole Conference in 1959 aimed to build consensus on this curriculum reform. Initially, the reform focused on the field of science, and later social studies were also included. The proponent of social studies reform called it the new social studies movement. Bruner, the leader of curriculum reform, has also actually participated in the curriculum reform project, which is the MACOS project. This project broke away from the traditional curriculum that focusing on the transfer of knowledge, and instead emphasizes the cultivation of students’ thinking ability. Second, Bruner embodies its educational philosophy in MACOS. However, practical experience in curriculum development has also contributed to the shift of Bruner’s academic focus. That is to say, from the emphasis on the inner cognitive development of children, to the process of acquiring experience and meaning.